Reference Information

Listed below are reference materials for additional information on Wavelength References and molecular absorption.

NIST: The National Institute for Standards and Technology publishes a wealth of information on frequency standards:

• List of Special Publications
• Special Publication 260-133 for C12 acetylene
• Special Publication 260-137 for C13 hydrogen cyanide
• Special Publication 260-146 for C12 and C13 carbon monoxide

Other sources for absorption data:

• HITRAN: a world renowned spectroscopic database located at the Harvard Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
• HITRAN online: http://hitran.org
• PNNL: the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory.
• VPL Molecular Spectroscopic Database:  Contains a handy collection of gases and associated graphs of their absorption spectra – usually from HITRAN and PNNL.
• SpectraPlot: http://spectraplot.com This is a handy tool for locating HITRAN lines and simulating absorption depths online.

White papers:

• Blazo, Stephen, “Combination gas cells for 900 nm to >2 microns“.
• Blazo, Stephen, “High stability ITU grid references“.

References for molecular absorption:

• Accuracy:  S. Swann and S. L. Gilbert,“ Accuracy limits for simple molecular absorption based wavelength references,” Opt. Fiber Measurements, Technical Digest, 15-18 (2004).
• Acetylene, carbon-12 and -13 isotopes:  K. Nakagawa, M. de Labachelerie, Y. Awaji, and M. Kourogi, “Accurate optical frequency atlas of the 1.5-μm bands of acetylene,”  J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 13, 2708-2714 (1996).
• Acetylene, carbon-12 (included in NIST Spec. Pub. 230-133 listed above): W. C. Swann and S. L. Gilbert, “Pressure-induced shift and broadening of 1510-1540-nm acetylene wavelength calibration lines,”  J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 17, 1263-1270 (2000).
• HCN, carbon-12 and -13 absorption lines:  H. Sasada and K. Yamada, “Calibration lines of HCN in the 1.5 micron region”, Applied Optics 29, 3535-3547 (1990).
• HCN, carbon-13 (included in NIST Spec. Pub. 230-137 listed above): W. C. Swann and S. L. Gilbert, “Line centers, pressure shift, and pressure broadening of 1530-1560 nm hydrogen cyanide wavelength calibration lines,”  J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 22, 1749-1756 (2005).
• HF, absorption lines (as referenced in HITRAN): G. Guelachvili, “Absolute wavenumber measurements of 1-0, 2-0, HF and 2-0, H35Cl, H37Cl absorption bands,” Opt. Comm. 19, 150 (1976).
• HF, pressure shift: Herget et al, “Infrared spectrum of hydrogen fluoride,” J Opt Soc Am, 521113-1119 (1962).

Other references:

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Papers our products are in:

• Tang Z,Liao Z,Xu F,Qi B,Qi L, Lo H-K. 2014. Experimental Demonstration of Polarization Encoding Measurement-Device-Independent Quantum Key Distribution. Phys Rev Lett. 112(19):190503-190508. online here
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• David B. Foote, Matthew J. Cich, Walter C. Hurlbut, Ulrich Eismann, Adam T. Heiniger, and Chris Haimberger, “High-resolution, broadly-tunable mid-IR spectroscopy using a continuous wave optical parametric oscillator,” Opt. Express 29, 5295-5303 (2021). Online here.